The List of Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine: 1901-2023

(Last Updated On: October 7, 2023)

For well over a century, the global community has found itself in a perpetual state of indebtedness to the brilliant minds and dedicated individuals who have been honored with the prestigious Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Since its inception in 1901, this accolade has symbolized the pinnacle of achievement in the field of medical science. The laureates, comprising an illustrious group of doctors and scientists, have embarked on a relentless quest to decipher the mysteries of the human body and unlock the secrets of life itself. Their collective contributions, spanning generations, have left an indelible mark on the tapestry of human civilization, touching virtually every aspect of our lives. In this article, I am going to talk about Nobel prize winners in medicine.

The Transformative Impact of Nobel Laureates

These Nobel laureates, hailing from diverse corners of the globe, have undertaken a profound journey into the realms of biology, physiology, and medicine. With unwavering dedication, they have expanded the boundaries of human knowledge, charting uncharted territories within the intricate workings of the human body. Their groundbreaking research and revolutionary discoveries have not only illuminated the darkest corners of medical science but have also paved the way for a multitude of life-saving innovations and medical breakthroughs. Through their meticulous observations, ingenious experiments, and unyielding commitment, they have gifted humanity with new tools to combat disease, alleviate suffering, and enhance the quality of life.

A Legacy of Unparalleled Excellence

The legacy of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine serves as an awe-inspiring testament to the heights that human intellect and perseverance can attain. Over the decades, these intellectual giants have dived deep into the cellular and molecular fabric of life itself. Their research has unraveled the intricate mechanisms that govern health and disease, uncovering the molecular secrets of viruses, understanding the complexities of genetic inheritance, and offering novel insights into the workings of the human brain. This body of knowledge, painstakingly assembled and meticulously validated, forms the cornerstone of modern medicine, profoundly influencing clinical practice, pharmaceutical development, and public health policies.

Humanity’s Debt to the Noble Pursuit of Knowledge

It is not an exaggeration to say that the contributions of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine have had a ripple effect across the entire spectrum of human existence. Their work has not only extended our lifespans but has also enriched our understanding of the intricacies of life itself. From the development of life-saving vaccines and groundbreaking surgical techniques to the discovery of life-sustaining drugs and therapies, their impact is immeasurable. Beyond the confines of laboratories and clinics, their discoveries have stimulated our collective imagination, inspiring generations of aspiring scientists to continue the noble pursuit of knowledge and healing. Grow Your Skills and Employability with Certifications.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: A Legacy of Excellence

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, known in Swedish as “Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin,” stands as an annual testament to human achievement in the realms of physiology and medicine. This prestigious award, one of the five Nobel Prizes established through the visionary will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, serves as a tribute to those who have made remarkable contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and, most notably, physiology or medicine. The administration of this esteemed honor adheres to the meticulous guidelines set forth by Nobel’s will and is carried out under the stewardship of the Nobel Foundation. The selection process is entrusted to a distinguished committee comprising five members and an executive secretary, all of whom are carefully selected by the renowned Karolinska Institute. Though colloquially referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine, it’s crucial to underscore Nobel’s precise intentions, as he explicitly dictated that the award should recognize achievements in “physiology or medicine”. This nuanced distinction allows the prize to encompass a broader spectrum of scientific endeavors, reflecting the ever-expanding horizons of human knowledge and innovation.

Pioneers and Visionaries: The First Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

The inaugural Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was conferred in 1901, marking a historic moment in the annals of scientific recognition. The recipient of this inaugural honor was none other than Emil Adolf von Behring, hailing from the illustrious scientific landscape of Germany. Von Behring’s groundbreaking contributions and unwavering dedication to the field made him a worthy recipient of this prestigious accolade, setting an indomitable precedent for future laureates. As a testament to the significance of this recognition, each Nobel laureate is bestowed with a trifecta of distinction—a medal, a diploma, and a monetary award. Over the years, the monetary component of the prize has fluctuated, reflecting the evolving economic landscape. In the year 1901, for instance, von Behring received the esteemed sum of 150,782 Swedish Kronor (SEK), a financial windfall that, when adjusted for inflation, equated to a staggering 7,731,004 SEK by December 2008. This dynamic compensation underscores the perpetual appreciation of the Nobel Prize, ensuring that it remains an attractive incentive for pioneers in the fields of physiology and medicine. Best Academic Research, Project Paper Writing Services

A Tribute to Alfred Nobel: The Annual Ceremony

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is not just a singular acknowledgment of scientific excellence but also a heartfelt tribute to the memory of Alfred Nobel himself. The award’s presentation takes place in the grandeur of Stockholm, Sweden, on an auspicious day—the 10th of December. This date bears special significance, for it marks the solemn anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s passing, thus serving as a poignant reminder of the visionary man whose generosity and foresight led to the establishment of these esteemed accolades. The annual ceremony, steeped in tradition and gravitas, brings together the global scientific community and dignitaries from all corners of the world to celebrate the indomitable spirit of human discovery and innovation. It is a moment when the brilliance of the laureates shines brightly, illuminating the path for future generations of scientists, and when the legacy of Alfred Nobel continues to inspire and uplift humanity through the pursuit of knowledge and the alleviation of suffering.

Years Without Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Throughout the history of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, there have been periods of time when this prestigious accolade was not bestowed upon any laureates. In total, nine years stand out during which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine remained unawarded. These gaps in recognition occurred during the tumultuous years of 1915 to 1918 and again in 1921, 1925, and the early 1940s (1940–1942). The reasons behind these omissions varied, from the impact of World War I on the Nobel Prize process to the absence of suitable candidates meeting the rigorous criteria set forth by the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine.

Delayed Nobel Prize Awards: An Exceptional Precedent

In the annals of Nobel history, there are also instances when the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine faced delays, creating an intriguing chapter in the award’s legacy. In 1914, for example, the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine faced a unique predicament: none of the nominees that year were deemed to meet the stringent standards required for this esteemed recognition. Consequently, the Nobel Prize was not awarded in that particular year. However, this unusual situation was addressed by awarding the prize to Robert Bárány in 1915, but it was officially counted as the 1914 prize. This precedent of delaying the award and attributing it to the previous year was subsequently followed in several other instances.

Following the Delayed Tradition

The tradition of delaying the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was sustained in the years that followed. In 1922, Archibald Hill and Otto Fritz Meyerhof were selected as laureates, but their recognition was officially conferred in 1923. Similarly, in 1926, Johannes Fibiger was named a laureate, and his Nobel Prize was bestowed upon him in 1927. This practice was also observed in 1938 when Corneille Heymans was chosen as a recipient, and his accolade was presented in 1939. The year 1943 followed suit, as Henrik Dam and Edward Adelbert Doisy were honored with the Nobel Prize in 1944. These instances of delayed awards underscore the meticulous and discerning nature of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine, which was willing to defer recognition until truly deserving individuals and contributions emerged, thus maintaining the integrity and prestige of the Nobel Prize. From this list of Nobel prize winners in medicine, you will be able to find out any dignitary by year, name, or contribution. You may also love to know about the list of Nobel Prizes in Physics.

Nobel prize winners in Medicine

Nobel laureates have, over the years, claimed the prestigious Nobel Prize for their remarkable contributions spanning a vast spectrum of fields closely connected to physiology and medicine. A fascinating journey through the annals of scientific achievement reveals the Nobel Committee’s recognition of human ingenuity in various domains. By the year 2009, a striking reflection of this diversity emerged: 8 illustrious prizes had been bestowed upon visionaries whose groundbreaking work centered around the intricate realm of signal transduction by G proteins and second messengers. A testament to the ever-evolving understanding of the human body’s intricate mechanisms, these laureates pushed the boundaries of medical knowledge.

The prize’s rich history further unveils the profound reverence for the intricate workings of the human nervous system. As of that same year, 13 brilliant minds had been honored with Nobel Prizes for their pioneering contributions to the realm of neurobiology. Their collective efforts unveiled the secrets of the brain’s inner workings, shedding light on neurological disorders and laying the foundation for therapeutic interventions that continue to transform lives.

Equally enthralling is the realm of intermediary metabolism, a field that has witnessed 13 exceptional individuals being crowned with the Nobel Prize by 2009. Their tireless dedication and groundbreaking research endeavors have elucidated the biochemical intricacies that govern the metabolic pathways within our bodies. This profound knowledge not only fuels our understanding of fundamental biological processes but also holds the potential to revolutionize healthcare and medicine. Buy Textbooks. Sell Textbooks. eTextbooks. Most Used Textbooks On the Planet. 10 million books. 50% Cash Back Books. FREE Shipping.

However, the annals of Nobel history also bear witness to the unfortunate circumstances that can beset even the most deserving of laureates. In the turbulent times of 1939, Gerhard Domagk, a distinguished German scientist, found himself in the perplexing situation of being prohibited by his government from accepting the prestigious accolade. Despite this adversity, his unwavering commitment to science earned him a consolation prize in the form of a medal and diploma, though the coveted financial reward eluded him. This poignant chapter serves as a reminder of the intersection between politics and science, where individual brilliance may sometimes fall victim to external influences.

As of the most recent update in 2021, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has found its way into the hands of 224 remarkable individuals. Among this distinguished cohort, a noteworthy milestone was achieved in 1947 when Gerty Cori became the first woman to be awarded this prestigious honor. Her groundbreaking work not only broke gender barriers but also exemplified the vital role that women have played and continue to play in advancing the frontiers of medical science. Her inclusion marked a significant step towards gender equality in the realm of Nobel laureates, yet also serves as a reminder that there is still much progress to be made in ensuring equitable recognition of scientific contributions across all genders.

Let’s find below a list of Nobel prize winners in Medicine:

 

Nobel prize winners in Medicine

Year	Image	Laureate	Country	Rationale
1901		Emil Adolf von Behring	Germany	“for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths”
1902		Sir Ronald Ross	United Kingdom	“for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it”
1903		Niels Ryberg Finsen	Denmark ( Faroe Islands)	“[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science”
1904		Ivan Petrovich Pavlov	Russia	“in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged”
1905		Robert Koch	Germany	“for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis”
1906		Camillo Golgi	Italy	“in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system”
		Santiago Ramón y Cajal	Spain
1907		Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran	France	“in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases”
1908		Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov	Russia	“in recognition of their work on immunity”
		Paul Ehrlich	Germany
1909		Emil Theodor Kocher	Switzerland	“for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland”
1910		Albrecht Kossel	Germany	“in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances”
1911		Allvar Gullstrand	Sweden	“for his work on the dioptrics of the eye”
1912		Alexis Carrel	France	“[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs”
1913		Charles Richet	France	“[for] his work on anaphylaxis”
1914		Robert Bárány	Austria-Hungary	“for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus”
1915	Not Awarded
1916
1917
1918
1919		Jules Bordet	Belgium	“for his discoveries relating to immunity”
1920		Schack August Steenberg Krogh	Denmark	“for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism”
1921	Not Awarded
1922		Archibald Vivian Hill	United Kingdom	“for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle”
		Otto Fritz Meyerhof	Germany	“for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle”
1923		Sir Frederick Grant Banting	Canada	“for the discovery of insulin”
		John James Rickard Macleod	United Kingdom
1924		Willem Einthoven	Netherlands	“for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram”
1925	Not Awarded
1926		Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger	Denmark	“for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma”
1927		Julius Wagner-Jauregg	Austria	“for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica”
1928		Charles Jules Henri Nicolle	France	“for his work on typhus”
1929		Christiaan Eijkman	Netherlands	“for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin”
		Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins	United Kingdom	“for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins”
1930		Karl Landsteiner	Austria	“for his discovery of human blood groups”
1931		Otto Heinrich Warburg	Germany	“for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme”
1932		Sir Charles Scott Sherrington	United Kingdom	“for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons”
		Edgar Douglas Adrian	United Kingdom
1933		Thomas Hunt Morgan	United States	“for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity”
1934		George Hoyt Whipple	United States	“for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia”
		George Richards Minot	United States
		William Parry Murphy	United States
1935		Hans Spemann	Germany	“for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development”
1936		Sir Henry Hallett Dale	United Kingdom	“for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses”
		Otto Loewi	Austria  Germany
1937		Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt	Hungary	“for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid”
1938		Corneille Jean François Heymans	Belgium	“for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration”
1939		Gerhard Domagk	Germany	“for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil”
1940	Not Awarded
1941
1942
1943		Carl Peter Henrik Dam	Denmark	“for his discovery of vitamin K”
		Edward Adelbert Doisy	United States	“for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K”
1944		Joseph Erlanger	United States	“for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres”
		Herbert Spencer Gasser	United States
1945		Sir Alexander Fleming	United Kingdom	“for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases”
		Sir Ernst Boris Chain	United Kingdom
		Howard Walter Florey	Australia
1946		Hermann Joseph Muller	United States	“for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation”
1947		Carl Ferdinand Cori	United States	“for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen”
		Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz	United States
		Bernardo Alberto Houssay	Argentina	“for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar”
1948		Paul Hermann Müller	Switzerland	“for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods”
1949		Walter Rudolf Hess	Switzerland	“for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs”
		António Caetano Egas Moniz	Portugal	“for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses”
1950		Philip Showalter Hench	United States	“for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure, and biological effects”
		Edward Calvin Kendall	United States
		Tadeusz Reichstein	Switzerland  Poland
1951		Max Theiler	South Africa  United States	“for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it”
1952		Selman Abraham Waksman	United States	“for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis”
1953		Sir Hans Adolf Krebs	United Kingdom	“for his discovery of the citric acid cycle”
		Fritz Albert Lipmann	United States  Germany	“for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism”
1954		John Franklin Enders	United States	“for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue”
		Frederick Chapman Robbins	United States
		Thomas Huckle Weller	United States
1955		Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell	Sweden	“for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes”
1956		André Frédéric Cournand	United States	“for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system”
		Werner Forssmann	West Germany
		Dickinson W. Richards	United States
1957		Daniel Bovet	Italy	“for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles”
1958		George Wells Beadle	United States	“for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events”
		Edward Lawrie Tatum	United States
		Joshua Lederberg	United States	“for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria”
1959		Arthur Kornberg	United States	“for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid”
		Severo Ochoa	Spain  United States
1960		Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet	Australia	“for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance”
		Sir Peter Brian Medawar	Brazil  United Kingdom
1961		Georg von Békésy	United States	“for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea”
1962		Francis Harry Compton Crick	United Kingdom	“for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material”
		James Dewey Watson	United States
		Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins	New Zealand  United Kingdom
1963		Sir John Carew Eccles	Australia	“for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane”
		Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin	United Kingdom
		Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley	United Kingdom
1964		Konrad Bloch	United States	“for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism”
		Feodor Lynen	West Germany
1965		François Jacob	France	“for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis”
		André Lwoff	France
		Jacques Monod	France
1966		Peyton Rous	United States	“for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses”
		Charles Brenton Huggins	United States	“for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer”
1967		Ragnar Granit	Finland  Sweden	“for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye”
		Haldan Keffer Hartline	United States
		George Wald	United States
1968		Robert W. Holley	United States	“for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis”
		Har Gobind Khorana	United States
		Marshall W. Nirenberg	United States
1969		Max Delbrück	United States	“for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses”
		Alfred D. Hershey	United States
		Salvador E. Luria	Italy  United States
1970		Julius Axelrod	United States	“for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation”
		Ulf von Euler	Sweden
		Sir Bernard Katz	United Kingdom
1971		Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.	United States	“for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones”
1972		Gerald M. Edelman	United States	“for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies”
		Rodney R. Porter	United Kingdom
1973		Karl von Frisch	West Germany	“for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behavior patterns”
		Konrad Lorenz	Austria
		Nikolaas Tinbergen	Netherlands
1974		Albert Claude	United States	“for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell”
		Christian de Duve	Belgium
		George E. Palade	United States  Romania
1975		David Baltimore	United States	“for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell”
		Renato Dulbecco	Italy  United States
		Howard Martin Temin	United States
1976		Baruch S. Blumberg	United States	“for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases”
		D. Carleton Gajdusek	United States
1977		Roger Guillemin	United States	“for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain”
		Andrew V. Schally	Canada  Poland  United States
		Rosalyn Yalow	United States	“for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones”
1978		Werner Arber	Switzerland	“for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics”
		Daniel Nathans	United States
		Hamilton O. Smith	United States
1979		Allan M. Cormack	South Africa  United States	“for the development of computer-assisted tomography”
		Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield	United Kingdom
1980		Baruj Benacerraf	Venezuela  United States	“for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions”
		Jean Dausset	France
		George D. Snell	United States
1981		Roger W. Sperry	United States	“for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres”
		David H. Hubel	Canada  United States	“for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system”
		Torsten N. Wiesel	Sweden
1982		Sune K. Bergström	Sweden	“for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances”
		Bengt I. Samuelsson	Sweden
		Sir John R. Vane	United Kingdom
1983		Barbara McClintock	United States	“for her discovery of mobile genetic elements”
1984		Niels K. Jerne	Denmark	“for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies”
		Georges J.F. Köhler	West Germany
		César Milstein	Argentina  United Kingdom
1985		Michael S. Brown	United States	“for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism”
		Joseph L. Goldstein	United States
1986		Stanley Cohen	United States	“for their discoveries of growth factors”
		Rita Levi-Montalcini	Italy
1987		Susumu Tonegawa	Japan	“for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity”
1988		Sir James W. Black	United Kingdom	“for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment”
		Gertrude B. Elion	United States
		George H. Hitchings	United States
1989		J. Michael Bishop	United States	“for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes”
		Harold E. Varmus	United States
1990		Joseph E. Murray	United States	“for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease”
		E. Donnall Thomas	United States
1991		Erwin Neher	Germany	“for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells”
		Bert Sakmann	Germany
1992		Edmond H. Fischer	Switzerland  United States	“for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism”
		Edwin G. Krebs	United States
1993		Sir Richard J. Roberts	United Kingdom	“for their discoveries of split genes”
		Phillip A. Sharp	United States
1994		Alfred G. Gilman	United States	“for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells”
		Martin Rodbell	United States
1995		Edward B. Lewis	United States	“for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development”
		Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard	Germany
		Eric F. Wieschaus	United States
1996		Peter C. Doherty	Australia	“for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell-mediated immune defense”
		Rolf M. Zinkernagel	Switzerland
1997		Stanley B. Prusiner	United States	“for his discovery of Prions – a new biological principle of infection”
1998		Robert F. Furchgott	United States	“for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system”
		Louis J. Ignarro	United States
		Ferid Murad	United States
1999		Günter Blobel	Germany  United States	“for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell”
2000		Arvid Carlsson	Sweden	“for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system”
		Paul Greengard	United States
		Eric R. Kandel	United States
2001		Leland H. Hartwell	United States	“for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle”
		Sir Tim Hunt	United Kingdom
		Sir Paul M. Nurse	United Kingdom
2002		Sydney Brenner	South Africa	“for their discoveries concerning ‘genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death”
		H. Robert Horvitz	United States
		Sir John E. Sulston	United Kingdom
2003		Paul Lauterbur	United States	“for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging”
		Sir Peter Mansfield	United Kingdom
2004		Richard Axel	United States	“for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system”
		Linda B. Buck	United States
2005		Barry J. Marshall	Australia	“for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease”
		J. Robin Warren	Australia
2006		Andrew Z. Fire	United States	“for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA”
		Craig C. Mello	United States
2007		Mario R. Capecchi	United States  Italy	“for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells.”
		Sir Martin J. Evans	United Kingdom
		Oliver Smithies	United Kingdom United States
2008		Harald zur Hausen	Germany	“for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer”
		Françoise Barré-Sinoussi	France	“for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus”
		Luc Montagnier	France
2009		Elizabeth H. Blackburn	United States  Australia	“for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase”
		Carol W. Greider	United States
		Jack W. Szostak	United States
2010		Sir Robert G. Edwards	United Kingdom	“for the development of in vitro fertilization”
2011		Bruce A. Beutler	United States	“for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity”
		Jules A. Hoffmann	France
		Ralph M. Steinman	Canada	“for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity” (awarded posthumously)
2012		Sir John B. Gurdon	United Kingdom	“for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent”
		Shinya Yamanaka	Japan
2013		James E. Rothman	United States	“for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells”
		Randy W. Schekman	United States
		Thomas C. Südhof	United States  Germany
2014		John O’Keefe	United States  United Kingdom	“for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain”
		May-Britt Moser	Norway
		Edvard I. Moser	Norway
2015		William C. Campbell	Ireland  United States	“for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites”
		Satoshi Ōmura	Japan
		Tu Youyou	China	“for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria”
2016		Yoshinori Ohsumi	Japan	“for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy”
2017		Jeffrey C. Hall	United States	“for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm”
		Michael Rosbash	United States
		Michael W. Young	United States
2018		James P. Allison	United States	“for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation”
		Tasuku Honjo	Japan
2019		William Kaelin Jr.	United States	“for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability”
		Peter J. Ratcliffe	United Kingdom
		Gregg L. Semenza	United States
2020		Harvey J. Alter	United States	“for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus”
		Michael Houghton	United Kingdom
		Charles M. Rice	United States
2021		David Julius	United States	“for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch”
		Ardem Patapoutian	United States  Lebanon

 

2022		Svante Pääbo (b. 1955)	Sweden	“for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution”
2023		Katalin Karikó (b. 1955)	Hungary  United States	“for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19”
		Drew Weissman (b. 1959)	United States

Final thought

The debt of gratitude owed to the Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine transcends mere words. It is a debt borne by humanity as a whole, a debt that continues to accumulate with each passing year as new laureates add to the ever-expanding body of knowledge. These extraordinary individuals have not only illuminated the path of scientific progress but have also enriched the tapestry of our shared human experience. Their contributions, marked by dedication, brilliance, and an unwavering commitment to the betterment of humanity, serve as a constant reminder of the heights that human endeavor can achieve when fueled by the pursuit of knowledge and the desire to heal.

Source: This list of Nobel prize winners in medicine is retrieved from Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine) for educational purposes.

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